{"id":2,"date":"2015-07-30T19:58:48","date_gmt":"2015-07-30T19:58:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/beyondpolio.org\/?page_id=2"},"modified":"2017-10-23T18:28:17","modified_gmt":"2017-10-23T18:28:17","slug":"jonas-salk","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/beyondpolio.org\/?page_id=2","title":{"rendered":"Jonas Salk"},"content":{"rendered":"<h1>\u00a0The Impact of Jonas Salk<\/h1>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"The Impact of Jonas Salk\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/ewgCqrHGFuI?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jonas_Salk\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Jonas Edward Salk<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0(October 28, 1914\u00a0\u2013 June 23, 1995) was an American\u00a0medical researcher and\u00a0virologist. He discovered and developed the first successful\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Polio_vaccine\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>polio vaccine<\/strong><\/a><strong>.<\/strong> Born in New York City, he attended\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.med.nyu.edu\/school\/education-training\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>New York University School of Medicine<\/strong><\/a><strong>,<\/strong> later choosing to do medical research instead of becoming a practicing physician.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Until 1957, when the Salk vaccine was introduced,\u00a0<strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Polio\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">polio<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0was considered one of the most frightening public health problems in the world. In the\u00a0postwar United States<strong>,<\/strong> annual\u00a0epidemics\u00a0were increasingly devastating. The 1952 U.S. epidemic was the worst outbreak in the nation&#8217;s history. Of nearly 58,000 cases reported that year, 3,145 people died and 21,269 were left with mild to disabling paralysis, with most of its victims being children. The &#8220;public reaction was to a plague&#8221;, said historian\u00a0Bill O&#8217;Neal.\u00a0&#8220;Citizens of urban areas were to be terrified every summer when this frightful visitor returned.&#8221; According to a 2009 PBS documentary, &#8220;Apart from the atomic bomb, America&#8217;s greatest fear was polio.&#8221;\u00a0As a result, scientists were in a frantic race to find a way to prevent or cure the disease. In 1938,\u00a0U.S. President\u00a0Franklin D. Roosevelt<strong>,<\/strong> the world&#8217;s most recognized victim of the disease, had founded the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Foundation_for_Infantile_Paralysis\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis<\/strong><\/a> (known as\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.marchofdimes.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>March of<\/strong> <strong>Dimes Foundation<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0since 2007), an organization that would fund the development of a\u00a0<strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vaccine\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">vaccine<\/a>.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>In 1947, Salk accepted an appointment to the\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.medschool.pitt.edu\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>University<\/strong> <strong>of<\/strong> <strong>Pittsburgh School of Medicine<\/strong><\/a><strong>.<\/strong> In 1948, he undertook a project funded by the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Foundation_for_Infantile_Paralysis\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0to determine the number of different types of poliovirus. Salk saw an opportunity to extend this project towards developing a vaccine against polio, and, together with the skilled research team he assembled, devoted himself to this work for the next seven years. The field trial set up to test the Salk vaccine was, according to O&#8217;Neill, &#8220;the most elaborate program of its kind in history, involving 20,000 physicians and public health officers, 64,000 school personnel, and 220,000 volunteers.&#8221; Over 1,800,000 school children took part in the trial.\u00a0When news of the vaccine&#8217;s success was made public on April 12, 1955, Salk was hailed as a &#8220;miracle worker&#8221; and the day almost became a national holiday. Around the world, an immediate rush to vaccinate began, with countries including Canada, Sweden, Denmark, Norway, West Germany, the Netherlands, Switzerland, and Belgium planning to begin polio immunization campaigns using Salk&#8217;s vaccine.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong><a href=\"http:\/\/www.livescience.com\/48486-jonas-salk-remembered-100-years-after-birth.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Salk campaigned for mandatory vaccination, claiming that public health should be considered a &#8220;moral commitment.&#8221;<\/a><\/strong> His sole focus had been to develop a safe and effective vaccine as rapidly as possible, with no interest in personal profit. When asked who owned the patent to it, Salk said, &#8220;There is no patent. Could you patent the sun?&#8221; In 1960, he founded the\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.salk.edu\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Salk Institute for Biological Studies<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0in\u00a0La Jolla,\u00a0California, which is today a center for medical and scientific research. He continued to conduct research and publish books, including\u00a0<em>Man Unfolding<\/em>\u00a0(1972),\u00a0<em>The Survival of the Wisest<\/em>\u00a0(1973),\u00a0<em>World Population and Human Values: A New Reality<\/em>\u00a0(1981), and\u00a0<em>Anatomy of Reality: Merging of Intuition and Reason <\/em>(1983). Salk&#8217;s last years were spent searching for a vaccine against\u00a0HIV. His personal papers are stored at the\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/libraries.ucsd.edu\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>University of California, San Diego<\/strong>\u00a0<strong>Library<\/strong><\/a><strong>.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Kevin Kimberlin Celebrates Jonas Salk\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/YiYVl8g90i0?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>In 1986, Jonas Salk co-founded the Immune Response Corporation with\u00a0entrepreneur, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.kevinkimberlin.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Kevin Kimberlin<\/strong><\/a>. \u00a0As the co-founder of The Immune Response Corporation, Kimberlin drove the strategy, recruited the management and scientific teams, and brought together its major corporate partner to advance Dr. Salk\u2019s groundbreaking immunotherapeutic vaccines. \u00a0The Phase III trial on 2,527 HIV-infected patients vaccine (the largest immunotherapy trial conducted to that point) unfortunately failed to meet its clinical end point, a devastating personal loss to both Salk and Kimberlin. Yet he derived some comfort by exchanging the rights to the company\u2019s B-cell lymphoma patents for stock in a startup backed by Microsoft co-founder, Paul Allen. \u00a0This discovery was a key element in the first FDA-approved cancer vaccine.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h1 style=\"text-align: center;\">&#8220;Jonas Salk: A Life&#8221;<\/h1>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><em>Written by Dr. Charlotte DeCroes Jacobs<\/em><\/h3>\n<figure id=\"attachment_577\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-577\" style=\"width: 770px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/beyondpolio.org\/\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/07\/JonasSalkALife_Excerpt.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-577 noopener noreferrer\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-577 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/beyondpolio.org\/\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/07\/JonasSalkALife_website-1024x661.jpg\" alt=\"JonasSalkALife_website\" width=\"770\" height=\"497\" srcset=\"https:\/\/beyondpolio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/07\/JonasSalkALife_website-1024x661.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/beyondpolio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/07\/JonasSalkALife_website-150x97.jpg 150w, https:\/\/beyondpolio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/07\/JonasSalkALife_website-300x194.jpg 300w, https:\/\/beyondpolio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/07\/JonasSalkALife_website-768x496.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 770px) 100vw, 770px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-577\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><a href=\"https:\/\/beyondpolio.org\/\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/07\/JonasSalkALife_Excerpt.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Click image to read an excerpt. <\/strong><\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>What has been described as the definitive biography of Jonas Salk, <strong><em><a href=\"http:\/\/www.amazon.com\/Jonas-Salk-Charlotte-DeCroes-Jacobs\/dp\/0199334412\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">&#8220;Jonas Salk: A Life&#8221;<\/a><\/em><\/strong> paints a picture of the scientist\u00a0behind one of mankind&#8217;s biggest accomplishments&#8211; the discovery of the polio vaccine.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h4>Reviews<\/h4>\n<p><span id=\"opening\">\u201cCharlotte DeCroes Jacobs\u2019 second biography,\u00a0<em>JONAS SALK<\/em>,\u00a0<\/span>chronicles the life of one of America\u2019s most beloved and decorated scientific heroes. His polio vaccine all but eradicated a crippling disease from the face of the earth, and the scientific community never forgave him. This first full account of Salk\u2019s life, was released by Oxford University Press in May of 2015, reveals the complex man behind the controversial legend.\u201d<br \/>\n<em>\u2014\u00a0<strong><a href=\"http:\/\/www.charlottejacobs.net\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">www.charlottejacobs.net<\/a><\/strong>.\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u201cSalk remains the people\u2019s scientist, the man who connected the wonders of the laboratory to the suffering of humankind \u2014 the man who saw beyond the microscope.\u201d<br \/>\n<em>\u2014\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/06\/07\/books\/review\/jonas-salk-a-life-by-charlotte-decroes-jacobs.html?_r=0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>The New York Times<\/strong><\/a><\/em><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u201cShe paints a picture of a sensitive, genuinely kind idealist who pursued what he thought was right with gentle but unrelenting tenacity.\u201d<br \/>\n<em>\u2014\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.economist.com\/news\/books-and-arts\/21656125-how-one-man-became-involved-two-20th-centurys-most-important-medical\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>The Economist<\/strong><\/a><\/em><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/med.stanford.edu\/news\/all-news\/one-to-one\/2015\/charlotte-jacobs-on-jonas-salk.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Podcast with the Author<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<h3>What is Polio?<\/h3>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Jonas Salk: what is polio?\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/S58FSPk53jc?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>Source:\u00a0<strong><a class=\"yt-uix-sessionlink g-hovercard spf-link \" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/channel\/UCZD1LLp6e838Iw_UTMcxQiQ\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-ytid=\"UCZD1LLp6e838Iw_UTMcxQiQ\" data-sessionlink=\"itct=CDEQ4TkiEwjzu_291qfLAhURsb4KHfYxDl8o-B0\">Oxford Academic (Oxford University Press)<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u00a0The Impact of Jonas Salk Jonas Edward Salk\u00a0(October 28, 1914\u00a0\u2013 June 23, 1995) was an American\u00a0medical researcher and\u00a0virologist. He discovered and developed the first successful\u00a0polio vaccine. Born in New York City, he attended\u00a0New York University School of Medicine, later choosing to do medical research instead of becoming a practicing physician. &nbsp; Until 1957, when the [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":28,"menu_order":3,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-2","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Jonas Salk<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Salk campaigned for mandatory vaccination, claiming that public health should be considered a &quot;moral commitment.&quot; His sole focus had been to develop a safe and effective vaccine as rapidly as possible, with no interest in personal profit\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, 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